Appendix A.1 SQL reserved words

SQL includes reserved words defined in ISO as ISO 9075-1992 Database Language SQL (SQL 92) and reserved words defined in JIS as JIS X 3005-1990 Database Language SQL. The reserved words used in HiRDB are based on the JIS standards.

Reserved words are stored as keywords that are used in SQL statements. Therefore, reserved words cannot be used as table or column names.

A reserved word that appears in an SQL statement must be enclosed in double quotation marks ("). When enclosed in double quotation marks, a reserved word can be used as any character string.

Tables A-1 to A-25 show SQL reserved words.

For the tables, the following legends apply:

Y: Reserved word
--: Not a reserved word
SQL92: ISO SQL 1992
SQL99: ISO SQL 1999
UNIFY: UNIFY2000
XDM/RD: XDM/RD E2
HiRDB (V6): HiRDB Version 6
HiRDB (V7): HiRDB Version 7
HiRDB (V8): HiRDB Version 8 or later

Table A-1 SQL reserved words (A)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
ABS------YYYY
ABSOLUTEYY----YYY
ACCESS----Y--YYY
ACTIONYY--YYYY
ADDYYYYYYY
ADMIN--Y----------
AFTER--Y----YYY
AGGREGATE--Y----------
ALIAS--Y----YYY
ALLYYYYYYY
ALLOCATEYYYYYYY
ALTERYYYYYYY
AMOUNT----Y--YYY
ANDYYYYYYY
ANDNOT------YYYY
ANSI----Y--YYY
ANYYYYYYYY
AREYY----YYY
ARRAY--Y--YYYY
ASYYYYYYY
ASCYYYYYYY
ASSERTIONYY----YYY
ASSIGN------YYYY
ASYNC--------YYY
ATYYY--YYY
AUTHORIZATIONYYYYYYY
AUTO----Y--YYY
AVGY--YYYYY

Table A-2 SQL reserved words (B)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
BASE----Y--YYY
BEFORE--Y----YYY
BEGINYYYYYYY
BETWEENY--YYYYY
BINARY--YYYYYY
BITYY----YYY
BIT_AND_TEST--------YYY
BIT_LENGTHY------YYY
BLOB--Y--YYYY
BOOLEAN--Y--YYYY
BOTHYY--YYYY
BREADTH--Y----YYY
BTREE----Y--YYY
BUFFER----Y--YYY
BYYYYYYYY
BYTE----Y--YYY

Table A-3 SQL reserved words (C)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
CALL--Y--YYYY
CASCADEYY----YYY
CASCADEDYY----------
CASEYY--YYYY
CASTYY--YYYY
CATALOGYY----YYY
CHANGE------YYYY
CHARYYYYYYY
CHARACTERYYYYYYY
CHAR_LENGTHY------YYY
CHARACTER_LENGTHY------YYY
CHECKYYYYYYY
CLASS--Y----------
CLOB--Y--Y------
CLOSEYYYYYYY
CLUSTER------YYYY
COALESCEY----YYYY
COLLATEYY----YYY
COLLATIONYY----YYY
COLUMNYYYYYYY
COLUMNS----Y--YYY
COMMENT------YYYY
COMMITYYYYYYY
COMPLETION--Y----YYY
COMPRESSED------Y------
CONDITION--Y------YY
CONFIGURATION----Y--YYY
CONNECTYYYYYYY
CONNECTIONYY----YYY
CONST----Y--YYY
CONSTRAINTYY--YYYY
CONSTRAINTSYY----YYY
CONSTRUCTOR--Y----YYY
CONTIGUOUS----Y--YYY
CONTINUEYYY--YYY
CONVERTY------YYY
CORR------Y------
CORRESPONDINGYY----YYY
COUNTY--YYYYY
COUNT_FLOAT----------YY
COVAR_POP------Y------
COVAR_SAMP------Y------
CREATEYYYYYYY
CROSSYY--YYYY
CUBE--Y--Y------
CUME_DIST------Y------
CURAID----Y--YYY
CURRENTYYYYYYY
CURRENT_DATEYY--YYYY
CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP--Y----------
CURRENT_PATH--Y----------
CURRENT_ROLL--Y----------
CURRENT_TIMEYY--YYYY
CURRENT_TIMESTAMPYY--YYYY
CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE--Y----------
CURRENT_USERYY--YYYY
CURSORYYYYYYY
CYCLE--Y----YYY

Table A-4 SQL reserved words (D)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
DATA--YYYYYY
DATABASE----Y--YYY
DATEYYYYYYY
DAYYY--YYYY
DAYS------YYYY
DBA----YYYYY
DEALLOCATEYYY--YYY
DECYYYYYYY
DECIMALYYYYYYY
DECLAREYYYYYYY
DEFAULTYYYYYYY
DEFER----Y--YYY
DEFERRABLEYY----YYY
DEFERREDYYY--YYY
DELETEYYYYYYY
DEMOTING----Y--YYY
DENSE_RANK------Y------
DEPTH--Y----YYY
DEREF--Y----------
DESCYYYYYYY
DESCRIBEYYYYYYY
DESCRIPTION----Y--------
DESCRIPTORYYYYYYY
DESTROY--Y----------
DESTRUCTOR--Y----------
DETERMINISTIC--Y----------
DEVICE----Y--YYY
DIAGNOSTICSYY--YYYY
DICTIONARY--Y----YYY
DIGITS------YYYY
DIRECT----Y--YYY
DISCONNECTYYYYYYY
DISPLAY----Y--------
DISTINCTYYYYYYY
DO--Y--YYYY
DOMAINYY----------
DOUBLEYYYYYYY
DOUBLE_PRECISION----Y--YYY
DROPYYYYYYY
DYNAMIC--Y----------

Table A-5 SQL reserved words (E)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
EACH--Y--YYYY
EDIT----Y--YYY
ELSEYY--YYYY
ELSEIF--Y--YYYY
ENCRYPT----------YY
ENDYYYYYYY
END-EXECYY----------
EQUALS--Y----YYY
ESCAPEYYYYYYY
ESTIMATED----Y--YYY
EVERY--Y--Y------
EXCEPTYY--YYYY
EXCEPTIONYY--YYYY
EXCLUSIVE------YYYY
EXECYYY--YYY
EXECUTEYYYYYYY
EXISTSY--YYYYY
EXIT--Y------YY
EXTERN----Y--YYY
EXTERNALYY----YYY
EXTRACTY------YYY

Table A-6 SQL reserved words (F)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
FALSEYY--YYYY
FETCHYYYYYYY
FILE----Y--YYY
FILTER------Y------
FIRSTYY----YYY
FIX------YYYY
FIXED----Y--YYY
FLAT------YYYY
FLOATYYYYYYY
FORYYYYYYY
FORCE----YYYYY
FOREIGNYY--YYYY
FOUNDYYY--YYY
FREE--Y------YY
FROMYYYYYYY
FULLYY--YYYY
FUNCTION--Y--YYYY

Table A-7 SQL reserved words (G)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
GENERAL--Y----YYY
GETYYYYYYY
GET_JAVA_STORED_ROUTINE_SOURCE--------YYY
GLOBALYY----YYY
GOYYY--YYY
GOTOYYY--YYY
GRANTYYYYYYY
GROUPYYYYYYY
GROUPING--Y--Y------

Table A-8 SQL reserved words (H)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
HANDLER--Y------YY
HASH----Y--YYY
HAVINGYYYYYYY
HELP----Y--YYY
HEX------YYYY
HOST--Y----------
HOURYY--YYYY
HOURS------YYYY
HUGE----Y--YYY

Table A-9 SQL reserved words (I)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
IDENTIFIED------YYYY
IDENTITYYY----YYY
IF--Y--YYYY
IGNORE--Y----YYY
IMMEDIATEYYYYYYY
INYYYYYYY
INDEX----YYYYY
INDICATORYYYYYYY
INITIALIZE--Y----------
INITIALLYYY----YYY
INNERYY--YYYY
INOUT--Y--YYYY
INPUTYYY--YYY
INSENSITIVEY------YYY
INSERTYYYYYYY
INTYYYYYYY
INTEGERYYYYYYY
INTERSECTYY--YYYY
INTERVALYY--YYYY
INTOYYYYYYY
ISYYYYYYY
ISOLATIONYY--YYYY
IS_USER_CONTAINED_IN_HDS_GROUP--------YYY
ITERATE--Y--Y------

Table A-10 SQL reserved words (J)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
JOINYY--YYYY

Table A-11 SQL reserved words (K)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
KEYYYYYYYY

Table A-12 SQL reserved words (L)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
LABEL------Y------
LANGUAGEYYYYYYY
LARGE--Y--YYYY
LASTYY----YYY
LATERAL--Y----------
LEADINGYYYYYYY
LEAVE--Y--YYYY
LEFTYY----YYY
LENGTH----YYYYY
LESS--Y----YYY
LEVELYYYYYYY
LIKEYYYYYYY
LIMIT--Y----YYY
LINES----Y--YYY
LINK----Y--YYY
LIST------YYYY
LOCALYY----YYY
LOCALTIME--Y----------
LOCALTIMESTAMP--Y----------
LOCATOR--Y------YY
LOCK------YYYY
LOCKS----Y--YYY
LOGID----Y--YYY
LOGNAME----Y--YYY
LONG----YYYYY
LOOP--Y--YYYY
LOWERY----YYYY

Table A-13 SQL reserved words (M)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
MAP--Y----------
MATCHYY----YYY
MAXY--YYYYY
MAXUSAGES--------YYY
MCHAR------YYYY
MICROSECOND------Y------
MICROSECONDS------Y------
MINY--YYYYY
MINUTEYY--YYYY
MINUTES------YYYY
MOD------YYYY
MODE----YYYYY
MODIFIES--Y----------
MODIFY--Y----YYY
MODULEYYYYYYY
MONTHYY--YYYY
MONTHS------YYYY
MOVE----Y--YYY
MVARCHAR------YYYY

Table A-14 SQL reserved words (N)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
NAMESYY----YYY
NATIONALYY--YYYY
NATURALYY----YYY
NCHARYY--YYYY
NCLOB--Y----------
NESTING--Y----------
NEW--Y--YYYY
NEXTYY----YYY
NOYY--YYYY
NONE--Y----YYY
NONLOCAL------Y------
NOTYYYYYYY
NOWAIT------YYYY
NULLYYYYYYY
NULLABLE----Y--YYY
NULLIFY----YYYY
NUMERICYYYYYYY
NVARCHAR------YYYY

Table A-15 SQL reserved words (O)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
OBJECT--Y----YYY
OCTET_LENGTHY------YYY
OFYYYYYYY
OFF--Y----YYY
OFFSET----Y--YYY
OID--------YYY
OLD--Y--YYYY
ONYYYYYYY
ONLYYYYYYYY
OPENYYYYYYY
OPERATION--Y----YYY
OPERATORS--------YYY
OPTIONYYYYYYY
OPTIMIZE------YYYY
ORYYYYYYY
ORDERYYYYYYY
ORDINALITY--Y----------
OTHERS--------YYY
OUT--Y--YYYY
OUTERYY--YYYY
OUTPUTYYY--YYY
OVER---- (Changed to Y beginning in 2001)--Y--YY
OVERFLOW----Y--YYY
OVERLAPSY------------
OVERWRITE----Y--------
OWN------YYYY
OWNER----Y--------

Table A-16 SQL reserved words (P)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
PADYY----YYY
PAGE--------YYY
PARAMETER--Y----------
PARAMETERS--Y----YYY
PARTIALYY----YYY
PARTITION------Y------
PARTITIONED--------YYY
PATH--YY--------
PCTFREE------YYYY
PENDANT--------YYY
PERCENT_RANK------Y------
PERCENTILE_CONT------Y------
PERCENTILE_DISC------Y------
PIC----Y--YYY
PICTURE----YYYYY
POSITIONY------YYY
POSTFIX--Y----------
PREALLOCATED----Y--YYY
PRECISIONYYYYYYY
PREFERRED----Y--YYY
PREFIX--Y----------
PREORDER--Y----YYY
PREPAREYYYYYYY
PRESERVEYY----YYY
PRIMARYYYYYYYY
PRIMLEGES----Y--------
PRIORYY----YYY
PRIVATE----YYYYY
PRIVILEGESYY--YYYY
PROCEDUREYYYYYYY
PROGRAM------YYYY
PROTECTED------YYYY
PUBLICYYYYYYY
PURGE------YYYY

Table A-17 SQL reserved words (R)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
RANDOM--------YYY
RANGE------Y------
RANK------Y------
RD--------YYY
RDAREA------YYYY
RDNODE------Y------
READYYYYYYY
READS--Y----------
REALYYYYYYY
RECOMPILE--------YYY
RECOVERABLE----Y--YYY
RECOVERY--------YYY
RECURSIVE--Y--YYYY
REDO--Y----------
REF--Y----YYY
REFERENCESYYYYYYY
REFERENCING--Y--YYYY
REGLIKE----Y--YYY
REGR_AVGX------Y------
REGR_AVGY------Y------
REGR_COUNT------Y------
REGR_INTERCEPT------Y------
REGR_R2------Y------
REGR_SLOPE------Y------
REGR_SXX------Y------
REGR_SXY------Y------
REGR_SYY------Y------
RELATIVEYY----YYY
RELEASE------YYYY
RELEASING----Y--YYY
RENAME----Y--YYY
REPEAT--Y--Y------
RESERVED------Y------
RESIGNAL--Y----YYY
RESTART----Y--YYY
RESTRICTYY----YYY
RESULT--Y----------
RETURN--Y--YYYY
RETURNS--Y--YYYY
REVOKEYYYYYYY
RIGHTYY----YYY
ROLE--Y----YYY
ROLLBACKYYYYYYY
ROLLUP--Y--Y------
ROOT----Y--YYY
ROUTINE--Y--YYYY
ROW--Y--YYYY
ROW_NUMBER------Y------
ROWID----YYYYY
ROWSYY--YYYY

Table A-18 SQL reserved words (S)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
SAVEPOINT--Y----YYY
SCALE----Y--YYY
SCAN----Y--YYY
SCATTERED----Y--------
SCHEMAYYYYYYY
SCHEMAS----Y--YYY
SCOPE--Y----YYY
SCROLLYY----YYY
SD--------YYY
SEARCH--Y----YYY
SECONDYY--YYYY
SECONDS------YYYY
SECTIONYYY--YYY
SEGMENT----Y--YYY
SELECTYYYYYYY
SENSITIVE--------YYY
SEPARATE----Y--YYY
SEPARATOR----Y--YYY
SEQUENCE--Y----YYY
SESSIONYY----YYY
SESSION_USERYY----YYY
SETYYYYYYY
SETS--Y----------
SFLIKE--------YYY
SHARE------YYYY
SHLIKE----Y--------
SHORT----Y--YYY
SIGN----Y--------
SIGNAL--Y--YYYY
SIMILAR--------YYY
SIZEYYY--YYY
SLOCK----Y--YYY
SMALLFLT------YYYY
SMALLINTYYYYYYY
SOMEYYYYYYY
SPACEYY----YYY
SPECIFIC--Y--Y------
SPECIFICTYPE--Y----------
SPLIT----Y--YYY
SQLYYY--YYY
SQL_STANDARD----Y--YYY
SQLCODEY----YYYY
SQLCODE_OF_LAST_CONDITION------------Y
SQLCODE_TYPE----Y--YYY
SQLCOUNT------YYYY
SQLDA------YYYY
SQLERRM------YYYY
SQLERRM_OF_LAST_CONDITION------------Y
SQLERRMC------YYYY
SQLERRML------YYYY
SQLERRORY--Y--YYY
SQLEXCEPTION--Y----YYY
SQLNAME------YYYY
SQLSTATEYY--YYYY
SQLWARN------YYYY
SQLWARNING--YY--YYY
START--YY--YYY
STATE--Y----------
STATEMENT--Y----------
STATIC--YY--YYY
STDDEV_POP------Y------
STOP----Y--YYY
STOPPING------YYYY
STRUCTURE--Y----YYY
SUBSTR------YYYY
SUBSTRINGY------YYY
SUMY--YYYYY
SUPPRESS--------YYY
SYNONYM----Y--YYY
SYSTEM_USERYY----YYY

Table A-19 SQL reserved words (T)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
TABLEYYYYYYY
TABLES----Y--------
TEMPORARYYY----YYY
TERMINATE--Y----------
TEST--------YYY
TEXT----Y--YYY
THAN--Y----------
THENYY--YYYY
THERE--------YYY
TIMEYYYYYYY
TIMESTAMPYY--YYYY
TIMESTAMP_FORMAT----------YY
TIMEZONE_HOURYY----YYY
TIMEZONE_MINUTEYY----YYY
TOYYYYYYY
TRAILINGYY--YYYY
TRANSACTIONYYY--YYY
TRANSLATEY------YYY
TRANSLATIONYY----YYY
TREAT--Y----YYY
TRIGGER--Y--YYYY
TRIMY----YYYY
TRUEYY--YYYY
TYPE--YYYYYY

Table A-20 SQL reserved words (U)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
UAMT----Y--YYY
UBINBUF----Y--YYY
UCHAR----Y--YYY
UDATE----Y--YYY
UHAMT----Y--------
UHANT--------YYY
UHDATE----Y--YYY
UNBOUNDED------Y------
UNDER--Y--YYYY
UNDO--Y----------
UNIFY_2000----Y--YYY
UNIONYYYYYYY
UNIONALL--------YYY
UNIQUEYYYYYYY
UNKNOWNYY--YYYY
UNLIMITED----Y--YYY
UNLOCK----Y--YYY
UNTIL--Y--YYYY
UNNEST--Y----------
UPDATEYYYYYYY
UPPERY----YYYY
USAGEYYYYYYY
USE----Y--YYY
USERYYYYYYY
USER_GROUP------Y------
USER_LEVEL------Y------
USINGYYYYYYY
UTIME----Y--YYY
UTXTBUF----Y--YYY

Table A-21 SQL reserved words (V)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
VALUEYYYYYYY
VALUESYYYYYYY
VAR_POP------Y------
VAR_SAMP------Y------
VARCHARYY--YYYY
VARCHAR_FORMAT----------YY
VARIABLE--Y----YYY
VARYINGYY--YYYY
VIEWYYYYYYY
VIRTUAL--------YYY
VISIBLE--------YYY
VOLATILE----Y--YYY
VOLUME----Y--YYY
VOLUMES----Y--YYY

Table A-22 SQL reserved words (W)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
WAIT------YYYY
WHENYY--YYYY
WHENEVERYYY--YYY
WHEREYYYYYYY
WHILE--Y--YYYY
WINDOW------Y------
WITHYYYYYYY
WITHIN------Y------
WITHOUT--Y--YYYY
WORKYYYYYYY
WRITEYYY--YYY

Table A-23 SQL reserved words (X)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
XLIKE--------YYY
XLOCK----Y--YYY
XML------------Y
XMLAGG------------Y
XMLEXISTS------------Y
XMLPARSE------------Y
XMLQUERY------------Y
XMLSERIALIZE------------Y

Table A-24 SQL reserved words (Y)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
YEARYY--YYYY
YEARS------YYYY

Table A-25 SQL reserved words (Z)

Reserved wordSQL92SQL99UNIFYXDM/RDHiRDB (V6)HiRDB (V7)HiRDB (V8)
ZONE--Y----------