Preface

This manual is intended for users who will be using HiRDB Version 9 (referred to hereafter as HiRDB) to design and create tables or to create and execute UAPs.

It is assumed that readers of this manual have the following:

For Windows systems, a basic knowledge of managing Windows
For UNIX Systems, a basic knowledge of managing UNIX, or Linux
Basic knowledge of SQL
A basic knowledge of programming in C language, COBOL, or Java

This manual is based on the following manuals, which we recommend you read before reading this manual:

HiRDB Version 9 Installation and Design Guide
HiRDB Version 9 UAP Development Guide

This manual consists of the following chapters and appendixes:

1. Basics: Chapter 1 explains the basics of SQL.

2. Details of Constituent Elements: Chapter 2 explains in detail the constituent elements of SQL.

3. Definition SQL: Chapter 3 explains the syntax and structure of the definition SQL.

4. Data Manipulation SQL: Chapter 4 explains the syntax and structure of the data manipulation SQL.

5. Control SQL: Chapter 5 explains the syntax and structure of the control SQL.

6. Embedded Language Syntax: Chapter 6 explains the syntax and structure of the embedded language.

7. Routine Control SQL: Chapter 7 explains the syntax and structure of the routine control SQL.

A. Reserved Words: Appendix A provides lists of the HiRDB and SQL reserved words.

B. List of SQLs: Appendix B provides a list of the SQL statements.

C. Example Database: Appendix C explains the example database used in this manual.

This manual is related to the following manuals, which should be read as required.

HiRDB (for UNIX)

For UNIX Systems HiRDB Version 9 Description (3000-6-451)^#
For UNIX Systems HiRDB Version 9 Installation and Design Guide (3000-6-452(E))
For UNIX Systems HiRDB Version 9 System Definition (3000-6-453(E))
For UNIX Systems HiRDB Version 9 System Operation Guide (3000-6-454(E))
For UNIX Systems HiRDB Version 9 Command Reference (3000-6-455(E))
For UNIX Systems HiRDB Version 9 Staticizer Option Description and User's Guide (3000-6-463)^#
For UNIX Systems HiRDB Version 9 Disaster Recovery System Configuration and Operation Guide (3000-6-464(E))
For UNIX Systems HiRDB Version 9 Memory Database Installation and Operation Guide (3020-6-469)^#
For UNIX Systems HiRDB First Step Guide (3000-6-254)^#

HiRDB (for both Windows and UNIX)

HiRDB Version 9 UAP Development Guide (3020-6-456(E))
HiRDB Version 9 Messages (3020-6-458(E))
HiRDB Version 9 XDM/RD E2 Connection Facility (3020-6-465)^#
HiRDB Version 9 Batch Job Accelerator (3020-6-468)^#
HiRDB Version 9 XML Extension (3020-6-480)^#
HiRDB Version 9 Text Search Plug-in (3020-6-481)^#
HiRDB Version 8 Security Guide (3020-6-359)^#
HiRDB Datareplicator Version 8 Description, User's Guide and Operator's Guide (3020-6-360(E))
HiRDB Datareplicator Extension Version 8 (3020-6-361)^#
HiRDB Dataextractor Version 8 Description, User's Guide and Operator's Guide (3020-6-362(E))

In references to HiRDB Version 9 manuals, this manual omits the phrases for UNIX systems and for Windows systems. Refer to either the UNIX or Windows HiRDB manual, whichever is appropriate for your platform.

For related products

VOS3 XDM/RD E2 SQL Reference (6190-6-656)^#

#: This manual has been published in Japanese only; it is not available in English.

The HiRDB manuals are organized as shown below. For the most efficient use of these manuals, it is suggested that they be read in the order they are shown, going from left to right.

[Figure]

This manual uses the following abbreviations for product names:

Full name or meaning	Abbreviation
HiRDB Server Version 9	HiRDB/Single Server	HiRDB or HiRDB Server
HiRDB Server Version 9	HiRDB/Parallel Server	HiRDB or HiRDB Server
HiRDB/Developer's Kit Version 9	HiRDB/Developer's Kit	HiRDB Client
HiRDB/Developer's Kit Version 9 (64)	HiRDB/Developer's Kit
HiRDB/Run Time Version 9	HiRDB/Run Time
HiRDB/Run Time Version 9 (64)	HiRDB/Run Time
HiRDB Advanced High Availability Version 9	HiRDB Advanced High Availability
HiRDB Accelerator Version 8	HiRDB Accelerator
HiRDB Accelerator Version 9	HiRDB Accelerator
HiRDB Non Recover Front End Server Version 9	HiRDB Non Recover FES
HiRDB Staticizer Option Version 9	HiRDB Staticizer Option
HiRDB Disaster Recovery Light Edition Version 9	HiRDB Disaster Recovery Light Edition
HiRDB Text Search Plug-in Version 9	HiRDB Text Search Plug-in
HiRDB XML Extension Version 9	HiRDB XML Extension
HiRDB Datareplicator Version 8	HiRDB Datareplicator
HiRDB Dataextractor Version 8	HiRDB Dataextractor
HiRDB Adapter for XML - Standard Edition	HiRDB Adapter for XML
HiRDB Adapter for XML - Enterprise Edition	HiRDB Adapter for XML
HiRDB Control Manager	HiRDB CM
HiRDB Control Manager Agent	HiRDB CM Agent
Hitachi TrueCopy	TrueCopy
Hitachi TrueCopy basic
TrueCopy
TrueCopy remote replicator
JP1/Automatic Job Management System 3	JP1/AJS3
JP1/Automatic Job Management System 2	JP1/AJS3
JP1/Automatic Job Management System 2 - Scenario Operation	JP1/AJS2-SO
JP1/Cm2/Extensible SNMP Agent	JP1/ESA
JP1/Cm2/Extensible SNMP Agent for Mib Runtime	JP1/ESA
JP1/Cm2/Network Node Manager	JP1/NNM
JP1/Integrated Management - Manager	JP1/Integrated Management or JP1/IM
JP1/Integrated Management - View	JP1/Integrated Management or JP1/IM
JP1/Magnetic Tape Access	EasyMT
EasyMT	EasyMT
JP1/Magnetic Tape Library	MTguide
JP1/NETM/Audit - Manager	JP1/NETM/Audit
JP1/NETM/DM	JP1/NETM/DM
JP1/NETM/DM Manager	JP1/NETM/DM
JP1/Performance Management	JP1/PFM
JP1/Performance Management - Agent Option for HiRDB	JP1/PFM-Agent for HiRDB
JP1/Performance Management - Agent Option for Platform	JP1/PFM-Agent for Platform
JP1/Performance Management/SNMP System Observer	JP1/SSO
JP1/VERITAS NetBackup BS v4.5	NetBackup
JP1/VERITAS NetBackup v4.5	NetBackup
JP1/VERITAS NetBackup BS V4.5 Agent for HiRDB License	JP1/VERITAS NetBackup Agent for HiRDB License
JP1/VERITAS NetBackup V4.5 Agent for HiRDB License
JP1/VERITAS NetBackup 5 Agent for HiRDB License
OpenTP1/Server Base Enterprise Option	TP1/EE
Virtual-storage Operating System 3/Forefront System Product	VOS3/FS	VOS3
Virtual-storage Operating System 3/Leading System Product	VOS3/LS
Virtual-storage Operating System 3/Unific System Product	VOS3/US
Extensible Data Manager/Base Extended Version 2 XDM Basic Program XDM/BASE E2	XDM/BASE E2
XDM/Data Communication and Control Manager 3 XDM Data Communication Management System XDM/DCCM3	XDM/DCCM3
XDM/Relational Database Relational Database System XDM/RD	XDM/RD	XDM/RD
XDM/Relational Database Extended Version 2 Relational Database System XDM/RD E2	XDM/RD E2	XDM/RD
VOS3 Database Connection Server	DB Connection Server
Oracle WebLogic Server	WebLogic Server
DB2 Universal Database for OS/390 Version 6	DB2
^DNCWARE ClusterPerfect (Linux Edition)	ClusterPerfect
Java^TM	Java
Microsoft(R) Office Excel	Microsoft Excel or Excel
Microsoft(R) Visual C++(R)	Visual C++ or C++ language
PowerHA for AIX, V5.5	PowerHA
PowerHA SystemMirror V6.1	PowerHA
HP-UX 11i V2 (IPF)	HP-UX or HP-UX (IPF)
HP-UX 11i V3 (IPF)	HP-UX or HP-UX (IPF)
AIX 5L V5.2	AIX 5L	AIX
AIX 5L V5.3	AIX 5L
AIX V6.1	AIX V6.1
Linux(R)	Linux
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 4 (AMD64 & Intel EM64T)	Linux AS 4	Linux
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 4 (x86)	Linux AS 4
Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES 4 (AMD64 & Intel EM64T)	Linux ES 4
Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES 4 (x86)	Linux ES 4
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.1 Advanced Platform (x86)	Linux 5.1
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.1 (x86)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.1 Advanced Platform (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.1 (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.2 Advanced Platform (AMD/Intel 64)	Linux 5.2
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.2 (AMD/Intel 64)	Linux 5.2
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.3 Advanced Platform (AMD/Intel 64)	Linux 5.3
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.3 (AMD/Intel 64)	Linux 5.3
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4 Advanced Platform (AMD/Intel 64)	Linux 5.4
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4 (AMD/Intel 64)	Linux 5.4
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 4 (AMD64 & Intel EM64T)	Linux (EM64T)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES 4 (AMD64 & Intel EM64T)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.1 Advanced Platform (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.1 (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.2 Advanced Platform (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.2 (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.3 Advanced Platform (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.3 (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4 Advanced Platform (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4 (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.1 Advanced Platform (x86)	Linux 5 (x86)	Linux 5
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.1 (x86)	Linux 5 (x86)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.1 Advanced Platform (AMD/Intel 64)	Linux 5 (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.1 (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.2 Advanced Platform (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.2 (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.3 Advanced Platform (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.3 (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4 Advanced Platform (AMD/Intel 64)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4 (AMD/Intel 64)
turbolinux 7 Server for AP8000	Linux for AP8000
Microsoft(R) Windows NT(R) Workstation Operating System Version 4.0	Windows NT
Microsoft(R) Windows NT(R) Server Network Operating System Version 4.0	Windows NT
Microsoft(R) Windows(R) 2000 Professional Operating System	Windows 2000
Microsoft(R) Windows(R) 2000 Server Operating System
Microsoft(R) Windows(R) 2000 Datacenter Server Operating System
Microsoft(R) Windows(R) 2000 Advanced Server Operating System
Microsoft(R) Windows(R) 2000 Advanced Server Operating System	Windows 2000 Advanced Server
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2003, Standard Edition	Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition	Windows Server 2003
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2003, Enterprise Edition	Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2003, Standard x64 Edition	Windows Server 2003 Standard x64 Edition
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2003, Enterprise x64 Edition	Windows Server 2003 Enterprise x64 Edition
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2003 R2, Standard Edition	Windows Server 2003 R2
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2003 R2, Enterprise Edition
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2003 R2, Standard x64 Edition
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2003 R2, Enterprise x64 Edition
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2003 R2, Standard x64 Edition	Windows Server 2003 R2 x64 Editions
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2003 R2, Enterprise x64 Edition	Windows Server 2003 R2 x64 Editions
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2003, Enterprise Edition (64-bit version)	Windows Server 2003 (IPF)
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2008 Standard	Windows Server 2008 Standard	Windows Server 2008
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2008 Enterprise	Windows Server 2008 Enterprise
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2008 R2 Standard (x64)	Windows Server 2008 R2
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2008 R2 Enterprise (x64)
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2008 R2 Datacenter (x64)
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2008 Standard (x64)	Windows Server 2008 (x64)
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2008 Enterprise (x64)	Windows Server 2008 (x64)
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2003, Standard x64 Edition	Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions	Windows (x64)
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2003, Enterprise x64 Edition
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2003 R2, Standard x64 Edition
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2003 R2, Enterprise x64 Edition
Microsoft(R) Windows(R) XP Professional x64 Edition	Windows XP x64 Edition
Microsoft(R) Windows Server(R) 2003, Enterprise Edition (64-bit version)	Windows Server 2003 (IPF)	Windows(IPF)
Microsoft(R) Windows(R) XP Professional x64 Edition	Windows XP x64 Edition	Windows XP
Microsoft(R) Windows(R)XP Professional Operating System	WindowsXP Professional
Microsoft(R) Windows(R)XP Home Edition Operating System	Windows XP Home Edition
Microsoft(R) Windows Vista(R) Home Basic	Windows Vista Home Basic	Windows Vista
Microsoft(R) Windows Vista(R) Home Premium	Windows Vista Home Premium
Microsoft(R) Windows Vista(R) Ultimate	Windows Vista Ultimate
Microsoft(R) Windows Vista(R) Business	Windows Vista Business
Microsoft(R) Windows Vista(R) Enterprise	Windows Vista Enterprise
Microsoft(R) Windows Vista(R) Home Basic (x64)	Windows Vista (x64)
Microsoft(R) Windows Vista(R) Home Premium (x64)
Microsoft(R) Windows Vista(R) Ultimate (x64)
Microsoft(R) Windows Vista(R) Business (x64)
Microsoft(R) Windows Vista(R) Enterprise (x64)
Microsoft(R) Windows(R) 7 Home Premium	Windows 7
Microsoft(R) Windows(R) 7 Professional
Microsoft(R) Windows(R) 7 Enterprise
Microsoft(R) Windows(R) 7 Ultimate
Microsoft(R) Windows(R) 7 Home Premium (x64)	Windows 7 (x64)
Microsoft(R) Windows(R) 7 Professional (x64)
Microsoft(R) Windows(R) 7 Enterprise (x64)
Microsoft(R) Windows(R) 7 Ultimate (x64)
Single server	SDS
System manager	MGR
Front-end server	FES
Dictionary server	DS
Back-end server	BES

Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008 may be referred to collectively as Windows Server. Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server, Windows Vista, and Windows 7 may be referred to collectively as Windows.
The hosts file means the hosts file stipulated by TCP/IP (including the /etc/hosts file). As a rule, a reference to the hosts file means the %windir%\system32\drivers\etc\hosts file.

This manual also uses the following acronyms:

Acronym	Full name or meaning
ACK	Acknowledgement
ADM	Adaptable Data Manager
ADO	ActiveX Data Objects
ADT	Abstract Data Type
AP	Application Program
API	Application Programming Interface
ASN.1	Abstract Syntax Notation One
BES	Back End Server
BLOB	Binary Large Object
BMP	Basic Multilingual Plane
BOM	Byte Order Mark
CD-ROM	Compact Disc - Read Only Memory
CGI	Common Gateway Interface
CLOB	Character Large Object
CMT	Cassette Magnetic Tape
COBOL	Common Business Oriented Language
CORBA(R)	Common ORB Architecture
CPU	Central Processing Unit
CSV	Comma Separated Values
DAO	Data Access Object
DAT	Digital Audio Tape
DB	Database
DBM	Database Module
DBMS	Database Management System
DDL	Data Definition Language
DF for Windows NT	Distributing Facility for Windows NT
DF/UX	Distributing Facility/for UNIX
DIC	Dictionary Server
DLT	Digital Linear Tape
DML	Data Manipulate Language
DNS	Domain Name System
DOM	Document Object Model
DS	Dictionary Server
DTD	Document Type Definition
DTP	Distributed Transaction Processing
DWH	Data Warehouse
EUC	Extended UNIX Code
EX	Exclusive
FAT	File Allocation Table
FD	Floppy Disk
FES	Front End Server
FQDN	Fully Qualified Domain Name
FTP	File Transfer Protocol
GUI	Graphical User Interface
HBA	Host Bus Adapter
HD	Hard Disk
HTML	Hyper Text Markup Language
ID	Identification number
IP	Internet Protocol
IPF	Itanium(R) Processor Family
JAR	Java Archive File
Java VM	Java Virtual Machine
JDBC	Java Database Connectivity
JDK	Java Developer's Kit
JFS	Journaled File System
JFS2	Enhanced Journaled File System
JIS	Japanese Industrial Standard code
JP1	Job Management Partner 1
JRE	Java Runtime Environment
JTA	Java Transaction API
JTS	Java Transaction Service
KEIS	Kanji processing Extended Information System
LAN	Local Area Network
LDAP	Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LIP	Loop Initialization Process
LOB	Large Object
LRU	Least Recently Used
LTO	Linear Tape-Open
LU	Logical Unit
LUN	Logical Unit Number
LVM	Logical Volume Manager
MGR	System Manager
MIB	Management Information Base
MRCF	Multiple RAID Coupling Feature
MSCS	Microsoft Cluster Server
MSFC	Microsoft Failover Cluster
NAFO	Network Adapter Fail Over
NAPT	Network Address Port Translation
NAT	Network Address Translation
NIC	Network Interface Card
NIS	Network Information Service
NTFS	New Technology File System
ODBC	Open Database Connectivity
OLAP	Online Analytical Processing
OLE	Object Linking and Embedding
OLTP	On-Line Transaction Processing
OOCOBOL	Object Oriented COBOL
ORB	Object Request Broker
OS	Operating System
OSI	Open Systems Interconnection
OTS	Object Transaction Service
PC	Personal Computer
PDM II E2	Practical Data Manager II Extended Version 2
PIC	Plug-in Code
PNM	Public Network Management
POSIX	Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX
PP	Program Product
PR	Protected Retrieve
PU	Protected Update
RAID	Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disk
RD	Relational Database
RDB	Relational Database
RDB1	Relational Database Manager 1
RDB1 E2	Relational Database Manager 1 Extended Version 2
RDO	Remote Data Objects
RiSe	Real time SAN replication
RM	Resource Manager
RMM	Resource Manager Monitor
RPC	Remote Procedure Call
SAX	Simple API for XML
SDS	Single Database Server
SGML	Standard Generalized Markup Language
SJIS	Shift JIS
SNMP	Simple Network Management Protocol
SNTP	Simple Network Time Protocol
SQL	Structured Query Language
SQL/K	Structured Query Language / VOS K`
SR	Shared Retrieve
SU	Shared Update
TCP/IP	Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
TM	Transaction Manager
TMS-4V/SP	Transaction Management System - 4V / System Product
UAP	User Application Program
UOC	User Own Coding
VOS K	Virtual-storage Operating System Kindness
VOS1	Virtual-storage Operating System 1
VOS3	Virtual-storage Operating System 3
WS	Workstation
WWW	World Wide Web
XDM/BASE E2	Extensible Data Manager / Base Extended Version 2
XDM/DF	Extensible Data Manager / Distributing Facility
XDM/DS	Extensible Data Manager / Data Spreader
XDM/RD E2	Extensible Data Manager / Relational Database Extended Version 2
XDM/SD E2	Extensible Data Manager / Structured Database Extended Version 2
XDM/XT	Extensible Data Manager / Data Extract
XDS	Extended Data Server
XFIT	Extended File Transmission program
XML	Extensible Markup Language

The backslash (\) is used as the delimiter in path names. Readers who are using a UNIX edition of HiRDB must replace the backslash with a forward slash (/). When the path names in the Windows and UNIX editions differ, both path names are given.
The HiRDB directory path is represented as %PDDIR%. However, when the path names in the Windows and UNIX editions differ, the directory path in the UNIX edition is represented as $PDDIR, as shown in the following example:

Windows edition: %PDDIR%\CLIENT\UTL\

UNIX edition: $PDDIR/client/lib/

%windir% refers to a Windows installation directory path.

Windows edition: The application log that is displayed by Windows Event Viewer is referred to as the event log. The following procedure is used to view the event log.

To view the event log:: 1. Choose Start, Programs, Administrative Tools (Common), and then Event Viewer.; 2. Choose Log, and then Application.; The application log is displayed. Messages with HiRDBSingleServer or HiRDBParallelServer displayed in the Source column were issued by HiRDB.; If you specified a setup identifier when you installed HiRDB, the specified setup identifier follows HiRDBSingleServer or HiRDBParallelServer.

UNIX edition

The OS log is referred to generically as syslogfile. syslogfile is the log output destination specified in /etc/syslog.conf. Typically, the following files are specified as syslogfile.

OS	File
HP-UX	/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log
Solaris	/var/adm/messages or /var/log/syslog
AIX	/var/adm/ras/syslog
Linux	/var/log/messages

The following symbols are used in the figures in this manual:

[Figure]

In addition to those used in figures, this manual uses the following symbols in text:

formula: The resulting value is to be rounded up.; CI-length / 1000

formula: The resulting value is to be rounded off.; CI-length / 1000

This manual explains the syntax of SQL expressions in the following general format:

Function: Explains the function of the SQL expression.

Privileges: Explains the privileges that are required in order to use the SQL expression.

Format: Shows the format of the operands.

Operands: Explains the operands that can be specified, when they should be specified, and their specification conventions.

Rules: Explains rules applicable to the SQL expression.

Notes: Provides helpful notes, such as the relationships between this SQL expression and other SQL expressions.

Examples: Shows examples of the use of the SQL expression.

The following table explains the fonts used in this manual:

Font	Convention
Bold	Bold type indicates text on a window, other than the window title. Such text includes menus, menu options, buttons, radio box options, or explanatory labels. For example: From the File menu, choose Open. Click the Cancel button. In the Enter name entry box, type your name.
Italics	Italics are used to indicate a placeholder for some actual text to be provided by the user or system. For example: Write the command as follows: copy source-file target-file The following message appears: A file was not found. (file = file-name) Italics are also used for emphasis. For example: Do not delete the configuration file.
Code font	A code font indicates text that the user enters without change, or text (such as messages) output by the system. For example: At the prompt, enter dir. Use the send command to send mail. The following message is displayed: The password is incorrect.
SD	Bold code-font characters indicate the abbreviation for a command.
perm	Underlined characters indicate the default value.

The following table explains the symbols used in this table:

Symbol	Convention
\|	In syntax explanations, a vertical bar separates multiple items, and has the meaning of OR. For example: A\|B\|C means A, or B, or C.
{ }	In syntax explanations, curly brackets indicate that only one of the enclosed items is to be selected. For example: A\|B\|C means A, or B, or C.
[ ]	In syntax explanations, square brackets indicate that the enclosed item or items are optional. For example: [A] means that you can specify A or nothing. [B\|C] means that you can specify B, or C, or nothing.
...	In coding, an ellipsis (...) indicates that one or more lines of coding are not shown for purposes of brevity. In syntax explanations, an ellipsis indicates that the immediately preceding item can be repeated as many times as necessary. For example: A, B, B, ... means that, after you specify A, B, you can specify B as many times as necessary.
()	Parentheses indicate the range of items to which the vertical bar (\|) or ellipsis (...) is applicable.
	A single delta symbol indicates one space. For example *DC
	Two delta symbols indicate one or more spaces. For example: WHEREIPNO=1
::=	The item to the left of the ::= notation is specified in terms of the items to the right of the ::= notation. For example: table-name ::= [authorization-identifier.]table-identifier

Syntax element conventions

The following table explains the syntactical element symbols used in this manual:

Syntax element	Meaning
<alphabetics>	The alphabetic characters (A to Z and a to z) and the underscore (_)
<alphabetics and special characters>	The alphabetic characters (A to Z and a to z) and the special characters #, @, and \
<alphanumerics>	Alphabetic characters and the numeric digits (0 to 9)
<alphanumerics and special characters>	Alphabetic characters, special characters, and numeric characters
<unsigned-integer>	Numeric values
<unsigned-decimal>¹	Numeric values (0 to 9) and the period (.), numeric value (0-9)
<identifier>²	Alphanumeric character string beginning with an alphabetic character
<character-string>	String of any characters
<symbolic-name>	Alphanumeric character string beginning with an alphabetic character or a special character In the UNIX edition, symbolic names cannot include a backslash (\).
<path-name>³	In the UNIX edition, path names can include forward slashes (/), alphanumeric characters, periods (.), hash marks (#), and at marks (@). In the Windows edition, path names can include backslashes (\), alphanumeric characters, periods (.), spaces, parentheses (()), hash marks (#), and at marks (@).

In this manual, the Windows terms directory and folder are both referred to as directory.
Include the drive name when you specify an absolute path name.

Example: C:\win32app\hitachi\hirdb_s\spool\tmp

When you specify a path name in a command argument, in a control statement file, or in a HiRDB system definition file, and that path name includes a space or a parenthesis, you must enclose the entire path name in double quotation marks (").

Example: pdinit -d "C:\Program Files(x86)\hitachi\hirdb_s\conf\mkinit"

However, double quotation marks are not necessary when you use the set command in a batch file or at the command prompt to set an environment variable, or when you specify the installation directory. If you do use double quotation marks in such a case, the double quotation marks become part of the value assigned to the environment variable.

Example: set PDCLTPATH=C:\Program Files\hitachi\hirdb_s\spool

HiRDB cannot use files on a networked drive, so you must install HiRDB and configure the HiRDB environment on a local drive. Files used by utilities, such as utility input and output files, must also be on the local drive.
Do not use a short path name in place of the full path name (for example, do not use C:\PROGRA~1).

This manual uses the following conventions:

1 KB (kilobyte) is 1,024 bytes.
1 MB (megabyte) is 1,024² bytes.
1 GB (gigabyte) is 1,024³ bytes.
1 TB (terabyte) is 1,024⁴ bytes.

The version numbers of Hitachi program products are usually written as two sets of two digits each, separated by a hyphen. For example:

Version 1.00 (or 1.0) is written as 01-00.
Version 2.05 is written as 02-05.
Version 2.50 (or 2.5) is written as 02-50.
Version 12.25 is written as 12-25.

The version number might be shown on the spine of a manual as Ver. 2.00, but the same version number would be written in the program as 02-00.

The interpretations and specifications developed by Hitachi, Ltd. for the HiRDB database language specifications described in this manual are based on the standards listed below. Along with citing the standards relevant to HiRDB database language specifications, we would like to take this opportunity to express our appreciation to the original developers of these standards.

JIS X 3005 Information technology -- Database languages -- SQL
ISO/IEC 9075 Information technology -- Database languages -- SQL

Note:

JIS: Japanese Industrial Standards

ISO: International Organization for Standardization

IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission

The following facilities are explained, but they are not supported:

Distributed database facility
Server mode system switchover facility
User server hot standby
Rapid system switchover facility
Standby-less system switchover (1:1) facility
Standby-less system switchover (effects distributed) facility
HiRDB External Data Access facility
Inner replica facility
Updatable online reorganization
Sun Java System Directory Server linkage facility
Simple setup tool
Extended syslog facility
Rapid batch facility
Memory database facility
Linkage with JP1/NETM/Audit

The following products and option program products are explained, but they are not supported:

HiRDB CM
HiRDB Disaster Recovery Light Edition
uCosminexus Grid Processing Server
HiRDB Text Search Plug-in
HiRDB XML Extension
TP1/Server Base
JP1/PFM-Agent Option for HiRDB
JP1/VERITAS NetBackup Agent for HiRDB License
HiRDB Dataextractor
HiRDB Datareplicator
XDM/RD
HiRDB SQL Tuning Advisor
COBOL2002