Preface

This manual is intended for users who will be using HiRDB Version 8 (referred to hereafter as "HiRDB") to design and create tables or to create and execute UAPs.

It is assumed that readers of this manual have the following:

For Windows systems, a basic knowledge of managing Windows
For UNIX Systems, a basic knowledge of managing UNIX, or Linux
Basic knowledge of SQL
A basic knowledge of programming in C language, COBOL, or Java

This manual is based on the following manuals, which should be read before reading this manual:

HiRDB Version 8 Installation and Design Guide
HiRDB Version 8 UAP Development Guide

This manual is organized as follows:

Chapter 1. Basics: Explains the basics of SQL.

Chapter 2. Details of Constituent Elements: Explains in detail the constituent elements of SQL.

Chapter 3. Definition SQL: Explains the syntax and structure of the definition SQL.

Chapter 4. Data Manipulation SQL: Explains the syntax and structure of the data manipulation SQL.

Chapter 5. Control SQL: Explains the syntax and structure of the control SQL.

Chapter 6. Embedded Language Syntax: Explains the syntax and structure of the embedded language.

Chapter 7. Routine Control SQL: Explains the syntax and structure of the routine control SQL.

Appendix A. Reserved Words: Provides lists of the HiRDB and SQL reserved words.

Appendix B. List of SQLs: Provides a list of the SQL statements.

Appendix C. Correspondence Between Data Types When a Foreign Table is Used: Explains the correspondence between data types when a foreign table is used.

Appendix D. Restrictions on Using a Foreign Table: Explains restrictions applicable to the use of foreign tables.

Appendix E. Example Database: Explains the example database used in this manual.

This manual is related to the following manuals, which should be read as required.

HiRDB (for Windows)

For Windows Systems HiRDB Version 8 Description (3020-6-351(E))
For Windows Systems HiRDB Version 8 Installation and Design Guide (3020-6-352(E))
For Windows Systems HiRDB Version 8 System Definition (3020-6-353(E))
For Windows Systems HiRDB Version 8 System Operation Guide (3020-6-354(E))
For Windows Systems HiRDB Version 8 Command Reference (3020-6-355(E))

HiRDB (for UNIX)

For UNIX Systems HiRDB Version 8 Description (3000-6-351(E))
For UNIX Systems HiRDB Version 8 Installation and Design Guide (3000-6-352(E))
For UNIX Systems HiRDB Version 8 System Definition (3000-6-353(E))
For UNIX Systems HiRDB Version 8 System Operation Guide (3000-6-354(E))
For UNIX Systems HiRDB Version 8 Command Reference (3000-6-355(E))
HiRDB Staticizer Option Version 7 Description and User's Guide (3000-6-282(E))
For UNIX Systems HiRDB Version 8 Disaster Recovery System Configuration and Operation Guide (3000-6-364)^*

HiRDB (for UNIX and Windows)

HiRDB Version 8 UAP Development Guide (3020-6-356(E))
HiRDB Version 8 Messages (3020-6-358(E))
HiRDB Datareplicator Version 8 Description, User's Guide and Operator's Guide (3020-6-360(E))
HiRDB Dataextractor Version 8 Description, User's Guide and Operator's Guide (3020-6-362(E))

* This manual has been published in Japanese only; it is not available in English.

You must use the UNIX or the Windows manuals, as appropriate to the platform you are using.

Others

HiRDB External Data Access Version 7 Description and User's Guide (3000-6-284(E))

The HiRDB manuals are organized as shown below. For the most efficient use of these manuals, it is suggested that they be read in the order they are shown, going from left to right.

[Figure]

Unless otherwise required, this manual uses the following abbreviations for product and other names.

Name of product or other entity	Representation
HiRDB/Single Server Version 8	HiRDB/Single Server	HiRDB or HiRDB Server
HiRDB/Single Server Version 8(64)	HiRDB/Single Server
HiRDB/Parallel Server Version 8	HiRDB/Parallel Server
HiRDB/Parallel Server Version 8(64)	HiRDB/Parallel Server
HiRDB/Developer's Kit Version 8	HiRDB/Developer's Kit	HiRDB Client
HiRDB/Developer's Kit Version 8(64)	HiRDB/Developer's Kit
HiRDB/Run Time Version 8	HiRDB/Run Time
HiRDB/Run Time Version 8(64)	HiRDB/Run Time
HiRDB Datareplicator Version 8	HiRDB Datareplicator
HiRDB Dataextractor Version 8	HiRDB Dataextractor
HiRDB Text Search Plug-in Version 7	HiRDB Text Search Plug-in
HiRDB Spatial Search Plug-in Version 3	HiRDB Spatial Search Plug-in
HiRDB Staticizer Option Version 8	HiRDB Staticizer Option
HiRDB LDAP Option Version 8	HiRDB LDAP Option
HiRDB Advanced Partitioning Option Version 8	HiRDB Advanced Partitioning Option
HiRDB Advanced High Availability Version 8	HiRDB Advanced High Availability
HiRDB Non Recover Front End Server Version 8	HiRDB Non Recover FES
HiRDB Disaster Recovery Light Edition Version 8	HiRDB Disaster Recovery Light Edition
HiRDB External Data Access Version 8	HiRDB External Data Access
HiRDB External Data Access Adapter Version 8	HiRDB External Data Access Adapter
HiRDB Adapter for XML - Standard Edition	HiRDB Adapter for XML
HiRDB Adapter for XML - Enterprise Edition	HiRDB Adapter for XML
HiRDB Control Manager	HiRDB CM
HiRDB Control Manager Agent	HiRDB CM Agent
Hitachi TrueCopy	TrueCopy
Hitachi TrueCopy basic
TrueCopy
TrueCopy remote replicator
JP1/Automatic Job Management System 2	JP1/AJS2
JP1/Automatic Job Management System 2 - Scenario Operation	JP1/AJS2-SO
JP1/Cm2/Extensible SNMP Agent	JP1/ESA
JP1/Cm2/Extensible SNMP Agent for Mib Runtime	JP1/ESA
JP1/Cm2/Network Node Manager	JP1/NNM
JP1/Integrated Management - Manager	JP1/Integrated Management or JP1/IM
JP1/Integrated Management - View	JP1/Integrated Management or JP1/IM
JP1/Magnetic Tape Access	EasyMT
EasyMT	EasyMT
JP1/Magnetic Tape Library	MTguide
JP1/NETM/DM	JP1/NETM/DM
JP1/NETM/DM Manager	JP1/NETM/DM
JP1/Performance Management	JP1/PFM
JP1/Performance Management Agent for HiRDB	JP1/PFM-Agent for HiRDB
JP1/Performance Management - Agent for Platform	JP1/PFM-Agent for Platform
JP1/Performance Management/SNMP System Observer	JP1/SSO
JP1/VERITAS NetBackup BS v4.5	NetBackup
JP1/VERITAS NetBackup v4.5	NetBackup
JP1/VERITAS NetBackup BS V4.5 Agent for HiRDB License	JP1/VERITAS NetBackup Agent for HiRDB License
JP1/VERITAS NetBackup V4.5 Agent for HiRDB License
JP1/VERITAS NetBackup 5 Agent for HiRDB License
OpenTP1/Server Base Enterprise Option	TP1/EE
Virtual-storage Operating System 3/Forefront System Product	VOS3/FS	VOS3
Virtual-storage Operating System 3/Leading System Product	VOS3/LS	VOS3
Extensible Data Manager/Base Extended Version 2 XDM basic program XDM/BASE E2	XDM/BASE E2
XDM/Data Communication and Control Manager 3 XDM Data communication control XDM/DCCM3	XDM/DCCM3
XDM/Relational Database XDM/RD	XDM/RD	XDM/RD
XDM/Relational Database Extended Version 2 XDM/RD E2	XDM/RD E2	XDM/RD
VOS3 Database Connection Server	DB Connection Server
DB2 Universal Database for OS/390 Version 6	DB2
^DNCWARE ClusterPerfect (Linux Version)	ClusterPerfect
Microsoft_(R) Excel	Microsoft Excel or Excel
Microsoft_(R) Visual C++_(R)	Visual C++ or C++
Oracle 8i	ORACLE
Oracle 9i
Oracle 10g
Sun Java^TM System Directory Server	Sun Java System Directory Server or Directory Server
HP-UX 11i V2 (IPF)	HP-UX or HP-UX (IPF)
Red Hat Linux	Linux
Red Hat Enterprise Linux	Linux
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 3 (IPF)	Linux (IPF)	Linux
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 4 (IPF)	Linux (IPF)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 3(AMD64 & Intel EM64T)	Linux (EM64T)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS 4(AMD64 & Intel EM64T)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES 4(AMD64 & Intel EM64T)
turbolinux 7 Server for AP8000	Linux for AP8000
Microsoft_(R) Windows NT_(R) Workstation Operating System Version 4.0	Windows NT
Microsoft_(R) Windows NT_(R) Server Network Operating System Version 4.0	Windows NT
Microsoft_(R) Windows_(R) 2000 Professional Operating System	Windows 2000
Microsoft_(R) Windows_(R) 2000 Server Operating System
Microsoft_(R) Windows_(R) 2000 Datacenter Server Operating System
Microsoft_(R) Windows_(R) 2000 Advanced Server Operating System	Windows 2000 or Windows 2000 Advanced Server
Microsoft_(R) Windows Server^TM 2003, Standard Edition	Windows Server 2003
Microsoft_(R) Windows Server^TM 2003, Enterprise Edition	Windows Server 2003
Microsoft_(R) Windows Server^TM 2003 R2, Standard Edition	Windows Server 2003 R2 or Windows Server 2003
Microsoft_(R) Windows Server^TM 2003 R2, Enterprise Edition	Windows Server 2003 R2 or Windows Server 2003
64 bit Version Microsoft_(R) Windows Server^TM 2003, Enterprise Edition (IPF)	Windows Server 2003 (IPF) or Windows Server 2003
Microsoft_(R) Windows Server^TM 2003, Standard x64 Edition	Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 R2 or Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions	Windows (x64)
Microsoft_(R) Windows Server^TM 2003, Enterprise x64 Edition
Microsoft_(R) Windows Server^TM 2003 R2, Standard x64 Edition	Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 R2 or Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions
Microsoft_(R) Windows Server^TM 2003 R2, Enterprise x64 Edition
Microsoft_(R) Windows_(R) XP Professional x64 Edition	Windows XP or Windows XP x64 Edition
Microsoft_(R) Windows_(R)XP Professional Operating System	WindowsXP Professional	Windows XP
Microsoft_(R) Windows_(R)XP Home Edition Operating System	Windows XP Home Edition	Windows XP
Single server	SDS
System manager	MGR
Front-end server	FES
Dictionary server	DS
Back-end server	BES

Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003 may be referred to collectively as Windows.
The hosts file means the hosts file stipulated by TCP/IP (including the /etc/hosts file). As a rule, a reference to the hosts file means the %windir%\system32\drivers\etc\hosts file.

This manual also uses the following abbreviations:

Abbreviation	Full name or meaning
ACK	Acknowledgement
ADM	Adaptable Data Manager
ADO	ActiveX Data Objects
ADT	Abstract Data Type
AP	Application Program
API	Application Programming Interface
ASN.1	Abstract Syntax Notation One
BES	Back End Server
BLOB	Binary Large Object
BOM	Byte Order Mark
CD-ROM	Compact Disc - Read Only Memory
CGI	Common Gateway Interface
CLOB	Character Large Object
CMT	Cassette Magnetic Tape
COBOL	Common Business Oriented Language
CORBA(R)	Common ORB Architecture
CPU	Central Processing Unit
CSV	Comma Separated Values
DAO	Data Access Object
DAT	Digital Audio Taperecorder
DB	Database
DBM	Database Module
DBMS	Database Management System
DDL	Data Definition Language
DF for Windows NT	Distributing Facility for Windows NT
DF/UX	Distributing Facility/for UNIX
DIC	Dictionary Server
DLT	Digital Linear Tape
DML	Data Manipulate Language
DNS	Domain Name System
DOM	Document Object Model
DS	Dictionary Server
DTD	Document Type Definition
DTP	Distributed Transaction Processing
DWH	Data Warehouse
EUC	Extended UNIX Code
EX	Exclusive
FAT	File Allocation Table
FD	Floppy Disk
FES	Front End Server
FQDN	Fully Qualified Domain Name
FTP	File Transfer Protocol
GUI	Graphical User Interface
HBA	Host Bus Adapter
HD	Hard Disk
HTML	Hyper Text Markup Language
ID	Identification number
IP	Internet Protocol
IPF	Itanium(R) Processor Family
JAR	Java Archive File
Java VM	Java Virtual Machine
JDBC	Java Database Connectivity
JDK	Java Developer's Kit
JFS	Journaled File System
JFS2	Enhanced Journaled File System
JIS	Japanese Industrial Standard code
JP1	Job Management Partner 1
JRE	Java Runtime Environment
JTA	Java Transaction API
JTS	Java Transaction Service
KEIS	Kanji processing Extended Information System
LAN	Local Area Network
LDAP	Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LIP	loop initialization process
LOB	Large Object
LRU	Least Recently Used
LTO	Linear Tape-Open
LU	Logical Unit
LUN	Logical Unit Number
LVM	Logical Volume Manager
MGR	System Manager
MIB	Management Information Base
MRCF	Multiple RAID Coupling Feature
MSCS	Microsoft Cluster Server
NAFO	Network Adapter Fail Over
NAPT	Network Address Port Translation
NAT	Network Address Translation
NIC	Network Interface Card
NIS	Network Information Service
NTFS	New Technology File System
ODBC	Open Database Connectivity
OLAP	Online Analytical Processing
OLE	Object Linking and Embedding
OLTP	On-Line Transaction Processing
OOCOBOL	Object Oriented COBOL
ORB	Object Request Broker
OS	Operating System
OSI	Open Systems Interconnection
OTS	Object Transaction Service
PC	Personal Computer
PDM II E2	Practical Data Manager II Extended Version 2
PIC	Plug-in Code
PNM	Public Network Management
POSIX	Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX
PP	Program Product
PR	Protected Retrieve
PU	Protected Update
RAID	Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disk
RD	Relational Database
RDB	Relational Database
RDB1	Relational Database Manager 1
RDB1 E2	Relational Database Manager 1 Extended Version 2
RDO	Remote Data Objects
RiSe	Real time SAN replication
RM	Resource Manager
RMM	Resource Manager Monitor
RPC	Remote Procedure Call
SAX	Simple API for XML
SDS	Single Database Server
SGML	Standard Generalized Markup Language
SJIS	Shift JIS
SNMP	Simple Network Management Protocol
SQL	Structured Query Language
SQL/K	Structured Query Language / VOS K
SR	Shared Retrieve
SU	Shared Update
TCP/IP	Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
TM	Transaction Manager
TMS-4V/SP	Transaction Management System - 4V / System Product
UAP	User Application Program
UOC	User Own Coding
VOS K	Virtual-storage Operating System Kindness
VOS1	Virtual-storage Operating System 1
VOS3	Virtual-storage Operating System 3
WS	Workstation
WWW	World Wide Web
XDM/BASE E2	Extensible Data Manager / Base Extended Version 2
XDM/DF	Extensible Data Manager / Distributing Facility
XDM/DS	Extensible Data Manager / Data Spreader
XDM/RD E2	Extensible Data Manager / Relational Database Extended Version 2
XDM/SD E2	Extensible Data Manager / Structured Database Extended Version 2
XDM/XT	Extensible Data Manager / Data Extract
XFIT	Extended File Transmission program
XML	Extensible Markup Language

The backslash (\) is used as the delimiter in path names. Readers who are using a UNIX version of HiRDB must replace the backslash with a forward slash (/). When the path names in the Windows and UNIX versions differ, both path names are given.
The HiRDB directory path is represented as %PDDIR%. However, when the path names in the Windows and UNIX versions differ, the directory path in the UNIX version is represented as $PDDIR, as shown in the following example:

Windows version: %PDDIR%\CLIENT\UTL\

UNIX version: $PDDIR/client/lib/

%windir% refers to a Windows installation directory path.

Windows version: The application log that is displayed by Windows Event Viewer is referred to as the event log. The following procedure is used to view the event log.

To view the event log:: 1. Choose Start, Programs, Administrative Tools (Common), and then Event Viewer.; 2. Choose Log, and then Application.; 3. The application log is displayed. Messages with HiRDBSingleServer or HiRDBParallelServer displayed in the Source column were issued by HiRDB.; If you specified a setup identifier when you installed HiRDB, the specified setup identifier follows HiRDBSingleServer or HiRDBParallelServer.

UNIX version

The OS log is referred to generically as syslogfile. syslogfile is the log output destination specified in /etc/syslog.conf. Typically, the following files are specified as syslogfile.

OS	File
HP-UX	/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log
Solaris	/var/adm/messages or /var/log/syslog
AIX 5L	/var/adm/ras/syslog
Linux	/var/log/messages

The following symbols are used in the figures in this manual:

[Figure]

In addition to those used in figures, this manual uses the following symbols in text:

formula: The resulting value is to be rounded up.; CI-length / 1000

formula: The resulting value is to be rounded off.; CI-length / 1000

This manual explains the syntax of SQL expressions in the following general format:

Function: Explains the function of the SQL expression.

Privileges: Explains the privileges that are required in order to use the SQL expression.

Format: Shows the format of the operands.

Operands: Explains the operands that can be specified, when they should be specified, and their specification conventions.

Rules: Explains rules applicable to the SQL expression.

Notes: Provides helpful notes, such as the relationships between this SQL expression and other SQL expressions.

Examples: Shows examples of the use of the SQL expression.

Font conventions are divided into:

general font conventions
font conventions in syntax explanations and examples

These are described next.

General font conventions

Bold: Bold type indicates text on a window, other than the window title. Such text includes menus, menu options, buttons, radio box options, or explanatory labels. For example, bold is used in sentences like the following:

From the File menu, choose Open.
Click the Cancel button.
In the Enter name entry box, type your name.

Italics: Italics are used to indicate a place-holder for some actual text provided by the user or system. Italics are also used for emphasis. For example:

Write the command as follows:

copy source-file target-file

Do not turn the power off without closing Windows.

Code font: A code font indicates text that the user enters without change, or text (such as messages) output by the system. For example:

At the prompt, enter dir.
Use the send command to send mail.
The following message is displayed:

The password is incorrect.

Font conventions in syntax explanations and examples

Syntax definitions appear as follows:

StoreDatabase {:embedded-variable|?-parameter} [temp|perm] (database-name ...)

In such a syntax definition:

SD: Bold code-font characters indicate an abbreviation for a command.

{ }: One of the items enclosed in braces must be specified.

|: Only one of the options separated by a vertical bar can be used at one time.

perm: Underlined characters indicate a default value.

[ ]: An item or items enclosed in brackets are optional.

...: Ellipses (...) indicate that the item or items enclosed in ( ) or [ ] and which immediately precede the ellipses can be repeated.

(): The items enclosed by the parentheses are in the range to which | or ... are applied.

: One space.; *DC

: One or more spaces.; WHERE GNO=1

::=: The item to the left of the ::= notation is specified in terms of the items to the right of the ::= notation.

table-name ::= [authorization-identifier.]table-identifier

StoreDatabase: The user should enter code-font characters exactly as shown.

database-name: In actual commands the user must replace the italics by suitable characters.

Code examples and messages appear as follows (though there may be some exceptions, such as when the code is part of a diagram):

MakeDatabase
...
StoreDatabase temp DB32

In code examples, ellipses (...) indicate that some code has been removed for the sake of clarity.

In this manual, the Windows terms directory and folder are both referred to as directory.
Include the drive name when you specify an absolute path name.

Example: C:\win32app\hitachi\hirdb_s\spool\tmp

When you specify a path name in a command argument, in a control statement file, or in a HiRDB system definition file, and that path name includes a space or a parenthesis, you must enclose the entire path name in double quotation marks (").

Example: pdinit -d "C:\Program Files(x86)\hitachi\hirdb_s\conf\mkinit"

However, double quotation marks are not necessary when you use the set command in a batch file or at the command prompt to set an environment variable, or when you specify the installation directory. If you do use double quotation marks in such a case, the double quotation marks become part of the value assigned to the environment variable.

Example: set PDCLTPATH=C:\Program Files\hitachi\hirdb_s\spool

HiRDB cannot use files on a networked drive, so you must install HiRDB and configure the HiRDB environment on a local drive. Files used by utilities, such as utility input and output files, must also be on the local drive.

This manual uses the following conventions:

1 KB (kilobyte) is 1,024 bytes.
1 MB (megabyte) is 1,024² bytes.
1 GB (gigabyte) is 1,024³ bytes.
1 TB (terabyte) is 1,024⁴ bytes.

The version numbers of Hitachi program products are usually written as two sets of two digits each, separated by a hyphen. For example:

Version 1.00 (or 1.0) is written as 01-00.
Version 2.05 is written as 02-05.
Version 2.50 (or 2.5) is written as 02-50.
Version 12.25 is written as 12-25.

The version number might be shown on the spine of a manual as Ver. 2.00, but the same version number would be written in the program as 02-00.

The HiRDB relational database language described in this manual was developed by adding Hitachi's unique interpretations and specifications to the following standards. Hitachi expresses its appreciation to the developers and acknowledges the sources of these specifications.

HiRDB relational database

JIS	X3005-1997	Database Language SQL
IS	ISO9075-1992	Information processing systems - Database Language SQL
ANS	X3.135-1986	Information system - Database Language SQL

The specifications for the HiRDB relational database language have been developed by adding Hitachi's unique interpretations to the specifications of ANS X3.135-1986 information systems [Figure] database language SQL.

Hitachi has been granted ANSI's permission for the creation of this manual; however, ANSI is not responsible for this product or the contents of this manual.

The COBOL language specifications were developed by CODASYL. The following statement acknowledges Hitachi's indebtedness to the developers, as requested by CODASYL. This acknowledgement restates a portion of the acknowledgement provided in the original specifications of COBOL, CODASYL COBOL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT, 1984.

Any organization interested in reproducing the COBOL report and specifications in whole or in part, using ideas from this report as the basis for an instruction manual or for any other purpose, is free to do so. However, all such organizations are requested to reproduce the following acknowledgement paragraphs in their entirety as part of the preface to any such publication. Any organization using a short passage from this document, such as in a book review, is requested to mention "COBOL" in acknowledgment of the source, but need not quote the acknowledgment.

COBOL is an industry language and is not the property of any company or group of companies, or of any organization or group of organizations.

No warranty, expressed or implied, is made by any contributor or by the CODASYL COBOL Committee as to the accuracy and functioning of the programming system and language. Moreover, no responsibility is assumed by any contributor, or by the committee, in connection therewith.

The authors and copyright holders of the copyrighted material used herein are as follows:: FLOW-MATIC (trademark of Sperry Rand Corporation) programming for the UNIVAC I and II, Data Automation Systems copyrighted 1958, 1959, by Sperry Rand Corporation; IBM Commercial Translator Form No. F 28-8013, copyrighted 1959 by IBM; FACT, DSI 27A5260-2760, copyrighted 1960 by Minneapolis-Honeywell have specifically authorized the use of this material, in whole or in part, in the COBOL specifications. Such authorization extends to the reproduction and use of COBOL specifications in programming manuals or similar publications.

The following facilities are explained, but they are not supported:

Distributed database facility
Server mode system switchover facility
User server hot standby
Rapid system switchover facility
Standby-less system switchover (1:1) facility
Standby-less system switchover (effects distributed) facility
HiRDB External Data Access facility
Inner replica facility (when described for the Windows version of HiRDB)
Updatable online reorganization (when described for the Windows version of HiRDB)
Sun Java System Directory Server linkage facility
Simple setup tool

The following products and option program products are explained, but they are not supported:

HiRDB Control Manager
HiRDB Disaster Recovery Light Edition
HiRDB External Data Access
HiRDB LDAP Option